Stupid Simple Kubernetes: Service Mesh
We covered the what, when and why of Service Mesh in a previous post. Now I’d like to talk about why they are critical in Kubernetes.
To understand the importance of using service meshes when working with microservices-based applications, let’s start with a story.
Suppose that you are working on a big microservices-based banking application, where any mistake can have serious impacts. One day the development team receives a feature request to add a rating functionality to the application. The solution is obvious: create a new microservice that can handle user ratings. Now comes the hard part. The team must come up with a reasonable time estimate to add this new service.
The team estimates that the rating system can be finished in 4 sprints. The manager is angry. He cannot understand why it is so hard to add a simple rating functionality to the app.
To understand the estimate, let’s understand what we need to do in order to have a functional rating microservice. The CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) part is easy — just simple coding. But adding this new project to our microservices-based application is not trivial. First, we have to implement authentication and authorization, then we need some kind of tracing to understand what is happening in our application. Because the network is not reliable (unstable connections can result in data loss), we have to think about solutions for retries, circuit breakers, timeouts, etc.
We also need to think about deployment strategies. Maybe we want to use shadow deployments to test our code in production without impacting the users. Maybe we want to add A/B testing capabilities or canary deployments. So even if we create just a simple microservice, there are lots of cross-cutting concerns that we have to keep in mind.
Sometimes it is much easier to add new functionality to an existing service than create a new service and add it to our infrastructure. It can take a lot of time to deploy a new service, add authentication and authorization, configure tracing, create CI/CD pipelines, implement retry mechanisms and more. But adding the new feature to an existing service will make the service too big. It will also break the rule of single responsibility, and like many existing microservices projects, it will be transformed into a set of connected macroservices or monoliths.
We call this the cross-cutting concerns burden — the fact that in each microservice you must reimplement the cross-cutting concerns, such as authentication, authorization, retry mechanisms and rate limiting.
What is the solution to this burden? Is there a way to implement all these concerns once and inject them into every microservice, so the development team can focus on producing business value? The answer is Istio.
Set Up a Service Mesh in Kubernetes Using Istio
Istio solves these issues using sidecars, which it automatically injects into your pods. Your services won’t communicate directly with each other — they’ll communicate through sidecars. The sidecars will handle all the cross-cutting concerns. You define the rules once, and these rules will be injected automatically into all of your pods.
Sample Application
Let’s put this idea into practice. We’ll build a sample application to explain the basic functionalities and structure of Istio.
In the previous post, we created a service mesh by hand, using envoy proxies. In this tutorial, we will use the same services, but we will configure our Service Mesh using Istio and Kubernetes.
The image below depicts that application architecture.
- Kubernetes (we used the 1.21.3 version in this tutorial)
- Helm (we used the v2)
- Istio (we used 1.1.17) - setup tutorial
Git Repository
My Stupid Simple Service Mesh in Kubernetes repository contains all the scripts for this tutorial. Based on these scripts you can configure any project.
Running Our Microservices-Based Project Using Istio and Kubernetes
As I mentioned above, step one is to configure Istio to inject the sidecars into each of your pods from a namespace. We will use the default namespace. This can be done using the following command:
kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled
In the second step, we navigate into the /kubernetes folder from the downloaded repository, and we apply the configuration files for our services:
kubectl apply -f service1.yaml kubectl apply -f service2.yaml kubectl apply -f service3.yaml
After these steps, we will have the green part up and running:
For now, we can’t access our services from the browser. In the next step, we will configure the Istio Ingress and Gateway, allowing traffic from the exterior.
The gateway configuration is as follows:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: Gateway metadata: name: http-gateway spec: selector: istio: ingressgateway servers: - port: number: 80 name: http protocol: HTTP hosts: - “*”
Using the selector istio: ingressgateway, we specify that we would like to use the default ingress gateway controller, which was automatically added when we installed Istio. As you can see, the gateway allows traffic on port 80, but it doesn’t know where to route the requests. To define the routes, we need a so-called VirtualService, which is another custom Kubernetes resource defined by Istio.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1b kind: VirtualService metadata: name: sssm-virtual-services spec: hosts: - "*" gateways: - http-gateway http: - match: - uri: prefix: /service1 route: - destination: host: service1 port: number: 80 - match: - uri: prefix: /service2 route: - destination: host: service2 port: number: 80
The code above shows an example configuration for the VirtualService. In line 7, we specified that the virtual service applies to the requests coming from the gateway called http-gateway and from line 8 we define the rules to match the services where the requests should be sent. Every request with /service1 will be routed to the service1 container while every request with /service2 will be routed to the service2 container.
At this step, we have a working application. Until now there is nothing special about Istio — you can get the same architecture with a simple Kubernetes Ingress controller, without the burden of sidecars and gateway configuration.
Now let’s see what we can do using Istio rules.
Security in Istio
Without Istio, every microservice must implement authentication and authorization. Istio removes the responsibility of adding authentication and authorization from the main container (so developers can focus on providing business value) and moves these responsibilities into its sidecars. The sidecars can be configured to request the access token at each call, making sure that only authenticated requests can reach our services.
apiVersion: authentication.istio.io/v1beta1 kind: Policy metadata: name: auth-policy spec: targets: - name: service1 - name: service2 - name: service3 - name: service4 - name: service5 origins: - jwt: issuer: "{YOUR_DOMAIN}" jwksUri: "{YOUR_JWT_URI}" principalBinding: USE_ORIGIN
As an identity and access management server, you can use Auth0, Okta or other OAuth providers. You can learn more about authentication and authorization using Auth0 with Istio in this article.
Traffic Management Using Destination Rules
Istio’s official documentation says that the DestinationRule “defines policies that apply to traffic intended for a service after routing has occurred.” This means that the DestionationRule resource is situated somewhere between the Ingress controller and our services. Using DestinationRules, we can define policies for load balancing, rate limiting or even outlier detection to detect unhealthy hosts.
Shadowing
Shadowing, also called Mirroring, is useful when you want to test your changes in production silently, without affecting end users. All the requests sent to the main service are mirrored (a copy of the request) to the secondary service that you want to test.
Shadowing is easily achieved by defining a destination rule using subsets and a virtual service defining the mirroring route.
The destination rule will be defined as follows:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1 kind: DestinationRule metadata: name: service2 spec: host: service2 subsets: - name: v1 labels: version: v1 - name: v2 labels: version: v2
As we can see above, we defined two subsets for the two versions.
Now we define the virtual service with mirroring configuration, like in the script below:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: service2 spec: hosts: - service2 http: - route: - destination: host: service2 subset: v1 mirror: host: service2 subset: v2
In this virtual service, we defined the main destination route for service2 version v1. The mirroring service will be the same service, but with the v2 version tag. This way the end user will interact with the v1 service, while the request will also be sent also to the v2 service for testing.
Traffic Splitting
Traffic splitting is a technique used to test your new version of a service by letting only a small part (a subset) of users to interact with the new service. This way, if there is a bug in the new service, only a small subset of end users will be affected.
This can be achieved by modifying our virtual service as follows:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: service2 spec: hosts: - service2 http: - route: - destination: host: service2 subset: v1 weight: 90 - destination: host: service2 subset: v2 weight: 10
The most important part of the script is the weight tag, which defines the percentage of the requests that will reach that specific service instance. In our case, 90 percent of the request will go to the v1 service, while only 10 percent of the requests will go to v2 service.
Canary Deployments
In canary deployments, newer versions of services are incrementally rolled out to users to minimize the risk and impact of any bugs introduced by the newer version.
This can be achieved by gradually decreasing the weight of the old version while increasing the weight of the new version.
A/B Testing
This technique is used when we have two or more different user interfaces and we would like to test which one offers a better user experience. We deploy all the different versions and we collect metrics about the user interaction. A/B testing can be configured using a load balancer based on consistent hashing or by using subsets.
In the first approach, we define the load balancer like in the following script:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3 kind: DestinationRule metadata: name: service2 spec: host: service2 trafficPolicy: loadBalancer: consistentHash: httpHeaderName: version
As you can see, the consistent hashing is based on the version tag, so this tag must be added to our service called “service2”, like this (in the repository you will find two files called service2_v1 and service2_v2 for the two different versions that we use):
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: service2-v2 labels: app: service2 spec: selector: matchLabels: app: service2 strategy: type: Recreate template: metadata: labels: app: service2 version: v2 spec: containers: - image: zoliczako/sssm-service2:1.0.0 imagePullPolicy: Always name: service2 ports: - containerPort: 5002 resources: limits: memory: "256Mi" cpu: "500m"
The most important part to notice is the spec -> template -> metadata -> version: v2. The other service has the version: v1 tag.
The other solution is based on subsets.
Retry Management
Using Istio, we can easily define the maximum number of attempts to connect to a service if the initial attempt fails (for example, in case of overloaded service or network error).
The retry strategy can be defined by adding the following lines to the end of our virtual service:
retries: attempts: 5 perTryTimeout: 10s
With this configuration, our service2 will have five retry attempts in case of failure and it will wait 10 seconds before returning a timeout.
Learn more about traffic management in this article. You’ll find a great workshop to configure an end-to-end service mesh using Istio here.
Conclusion
In this chapter, we learned how to set up and configure a service mesh in Kubernetes using Istio. First, we configured an ingress controller and gateway and then we learned about traffic management using destination rules and virtual services.
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Mar 25th, 2024